Fetal aortic valvuloplasty for critical aortic stenosis: single-center retrospective study focusing on postnatal outcome.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to report our experience on fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) for critical aortic stenosis (AS) focusing on the postnatal evolution of the patients. METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by our local Institutional Review Board (n°2002-0128143827). All fetuses with critical AS who underwent FAV in a single center between 01/2011 and 06/2022 were included. FAV were performed under ultrasound guidance. Technical success was based upon balloon inflation across the aortic valve and improvement of the anterograde aortic flow across the aortic valve. At birth, biventricular circulation (BVC) strategy was decided assuming the left ventricle (LV) systolic and diastolic functions would ensure the systemic circulation. RESULTS: Sixty-three FAV were performed on 58 fetuses at 24.6[21.4-32.4] weeks of gestation. The procedure was successful in 52/58(89.6%) fetuses. There were 11/58(19%) in utero demises and 9/58(15.5%) terminations of pregnancy. There were no liveborn patients after the unsuccessful procedures. 38/58(65.5%) infants were delivered at a median gestational age of 38.1[29-40.6] weeks and 21/38(55.3%) of them required prostaglandin. 28/38(73.7%) [28/58(48.3%)] children entered the BVC path at birth. Among them, 20 required an aortic valvuloplasty at birth (11 percutaneous, 9 surgical) and 8 did not require any treatment at birth but of those, 5/8 underwent a surgical valvuloplasty between day 26 and day 1200 of life. 11/28(39.3%) infants with BVC at birth required a second intervention and four of them required a third intervention. Two infants who entered the BVC at birth underwent a conversion to UVC. None of the surviving children with BVC developed pulmonary hypertension. The global survival rate in case of BVC was 22/28(78.6%) at 23.3[8-112] months of life. 10 patients had UVC at birth. Among them, 6 received comfort care from birth and only 4 underwent surgery. 3/10 patients were still alive at the latest assessment (48[22-102] months). CONCLUSION: FAV for critical aortic stenosis led to anterograde aortic flow in 89.6% of the fetuses, with BVC being achieved in 48.3% (73.7% of the live born). Among patients with BVC at birth, the rate of reintervention is high but long-term survival is satisfactory. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Interrelationship between bone turnover markers, calciotropic hormones and leptin in obese Saudi children.

OBJECTIVE: Fat-bone relationship involves the interaction among endocrine, inflammatory, immune processes and bone turnover. We tried to assess the association between Leptin and bone turnover markers (OCN, ß-CTx, ALP), calciotropic hormones PTH and 25(OH)D in obese Saudi children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study performed with 60 obese children and 36 lean children. For all subjects, OCN, ALP, ß-CTx, PTH, 25(OH)D, leptin, Ca and Pi were investigated. Levels of leptin were measured by [ELISA] method, and OCN, ß-CTx, PTH and 25-(OH)D by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: Sixty obese Saudi children had means weight (38.3 vs. 13.8 kg), height (121.0 vs. 91.8 cm) leptin (23.04 vs.16.88 ng/ml), PTH (31.5 vs. 14.7 pg/ml), Pi (1.67 vs. 1.54 mmol/l) were significantly higher and 25(OH)D (21.02 vs. 29.45 ng/ml) was significantly lower than controls. There was no difference in serum OCN, ß-CTx, ALP and calcium between groups (p > 0.05). In the correlation study, OCN were significantly positively correlated with height, ALP, age, PTH, and ß-CTx (r = 0.347, 0.32, p < 0.05), (r = 0.35, 0.51, 0.66, p < 0.01 respectively), while serum 25(OH)D was negatively correlated with PTH, weight, height and BMI (r = -0.45, -0.55, -0.55, -0.47, p < 0.01 respectively). PTH was positively correlated with leptin and ß-CTx (r = 0.41, 0.44, p < 0.01), but not to ALP and BMI percentile. ß-CTx correlated significantly positive with Pi (r = 0.34 p < 0.05) and ALP with BMI percentile (r = 0.42, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that PTH was predicted by leptin and ß-CTx (R2 = 0.55); ß-CTx by leptin and OCN (R2 = 0.498); OCN by PTH and ß-CTx (R2 = 0.47); and 25(OH)D by PTH (R2 = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: The obese children had increased levels of leptin and PTH with strong associated with bone turn over markers OCN, ß-CTx and deficiency of 25(OH)D which may be playing an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and related bone metabolic risk diseases as osteoporosis and fractures.

[Perioperative conflicts between anaesthesiologists and surgeons: ethics and professionalism]. / Conflits en période périopératoire: un enjeu collectif, éthique et professionnel.

In the perioperative period, several potential conflicts between anaesthetists/intensive care specialists and surgeons may exist. They are detrimental to the quality of patient care and to the well-being of the teams. They are a source of medical errors and contribute to burn-out. Patients can become the victims of such conflicts, which deserve ethical reflection. Their resolution through analysis and shared solutions is necessary. This article seeks to analyse these conflicts, taking into account their specificities and constraints. In order to understand this context, it is important to consider the specificities of each group involved and the records of such situations. Several factors can prevent these conflicts, first and foremost the patients themselves and the quality of the care that is provided. Medical deontology aims mainly at preventing and resolving these conflicts. Generally speaking, the quality approach which is increasingly applied in health care institutions (involving declarations of adverse events, morbidity/mortality reviews, benchmarking, analysis and improvement of practices, etc.) also contributes to the prevention and resolution of disagreements. The teaching of communication techniques that begins with the initial training, the evaluation of team behaviours (through simulation training for example), the respect of others' constraints, particularly when it comes to learning, as well as transparency regarding conflicts of interests, are all additional elements of conflict prevention. Lastly, conflicts may at times be caused by deviant behaviours, which must be met with a clear and uncompromising collective and institutional approach. This article concludes by offering a standardised approach for conflict resolution.

[Euthanasia, assisted suicide and palliative care: a review by the Ethics Committee of the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care]. / Fin de vie, euthanasie et suicide assisté : une mise au point de la Société française d'anesthésie et de réanimation (Sfar).

CONTEXT: Management of the end of life is a major social issue which was addressed in France by law, on April 22nd 2005. Nevertheless, a debate has emerged within French society about the legalization of euthanasia and/or assisted suicide (E/AS). This issue raises questions for doctors and most especially for anesthetists and intensive care physicians. OBJECTIVE: To highlight, dispassionately and without dogmatism, key points taken from the published literature and the experience of countries which have legislated for E/AS. RESULTS: The current French law addresses most of the end of life issues an intensive care physician might encounter. It is credited for imposing palliative care when therapies have become senseless and are withdrawn. However, this requirement for palliative care is generally applied too late in the course of a fatal illness. There is a great need for more education and stronger incentives for early action in this area. On the rare occasions when E/AS is requested, either by the patient or their loved-ones, it often results from a failure to consider that treatments have become senseless and conflict with patient's best interest. The implementation of E/AS cannot be reduced to a simple affirmation of the Principle of autonomy. Such procedures present genuine difficulties and the risk of drift. CONCLUSION: We deliver a message of prudence and caution. Should we address painful end of life and moral suffering issues, by suppressing the subject, i.e. ending the patient's life, when comprehensive palliative care has not first been fully granted to all patients in need of it ?

Changes of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver of male sheep exposed to either cypermethrin or dimethoate.

Xenobiotics such as insecticides are metabolized to more or less toxic metabolites by drug-metabolizing enzymes including cytochrome P450 (Cyp P450), cytochrome b5 (Cyp b5), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (Cyt.c R), N-nitrosdimethylamine-N-demethylase I (NDMA-dI), glutathione (GSH), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR). Therefore, the present study showed the influence of oral administration of cypermethrin (6 and 12 mg/kg/day) and dimethoate (1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg/day) for 63 consecutive days on the activities of the above mentioned enzymes in the livers of male sheep. Low and high-treatments of sheep with cypermethrin significantly increased the levels of Cyp P450 by 56% and 98%, Cyp b5 by 65% and 80%, GSH by 68% and 74%, and Cyt.c R by 67% and 98%, respectively in a dose-dependent manner. However, low dose of cypermethrin increased the activities of GST and GR by 56% and 91% respectively. In addition, low and high dose-treatments with dimethoate increased the hepatic contents of Cyp P450 by 27% and 40%, GSH by 259% and 132%, whereas NDMA-dI decreased by 27 and 55% respectively, and no change in the content of Cyp b5 and the activity of Cyt.c-R at any given dose of this compound. It is concluded that exposure to cypermethrin and dimethoate significantly changed the hepatic activity of phases I & II drugmetabolizing enzymes in sheep, and these changes are mainly dependent on the administred dose, and also on the type of the tested insecticides. Also, such changes should be considered when therapeutic drugs administered to people exposed to such insecticides.

Role of genetic changes in the progression of cardiovascular diseases.

This review aims to investigate the role of genetic changes in the development of cardiovascular diseases [CVD]. Oxidation of Low density Lipoprotein (LDL) and mutations in LDL receptors gene are a trigger for numerous of atherogenic events. Also, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in vasodilatation of blood vessels through synthesis of nitric oxide. Three single base pair changes, 786T/C, 922A/G, and 1468T/A, have been identified in the promoter region of the eNOS gene and are associated with coronary spasm. Moreover, two distinct variable nucleotide tandem repeats (VNTRs) in introns 4 and 13 have been detected. The presence of a minimum of 38 CA repeats in intron 13 has been associated with an independent 2.2-fold increase in the risk of coronary artery disease [CAD]. Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3) maintains the vascular bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), through depletion of reactive oxygen species. Mutation(s) or polymorphism(s) in the plasma GPx-3 gene promoter may predispose to a thrombotic disorder, and constitute a genetic risk factor for thrombotic cerebrovascular disease. Hyperhomocysteinemia is another independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Severe hyperhomocysteinemia could be caused by cystathionine-ß-synthase enzyme deficiency but it could be due to homozygosity of a common 677C/T point mutation in the coding region of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene as a 3-fold increase in risk of CAD is associated with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. A second common variant in MTHFR 1298A/C is associated with decreased enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo, especially when occurring simultaneously with the 677 C/T polymorphism. Elevated fibrinogen, an essential component of the coagulation system, has been most consistently associated with arterial thrombotic disorders. Several polymorphisms (148C/T, 455G/A, and -854G/A) have been identified in the genes encoding the 3 pairs of fibrinogen polypeptide chains. The -455G/A, and -854G/A substitutions are the most physiologically relevant mutations. In addition the -455A allele has been associated with the progression of atheroma, and also with a 2.5-fold increase in risk of multiple lacunar infarcts in a cohort of elderly patients with stroke. It is concluded that genetic changes in the previously mentioned genes could play a significant role in the initiation and progression of CVD. This review provides useful information for both physicians and medical students whom are interested in human genetics which is related to cardiovascular diseases.

Role of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in ameliorating the fenvalerate-induced changes in oxidative stress, hemato-biochemical parameters, and semen quality of male rats.

Role of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), beta-carotene and/or their combination as antioxidants against the toxicity of fenvalerate on blood hematology, free radicals, biochemical parameters, and semen quality were studied in male rats. Fenvalerate (20 mg/kg BW), vitamin E (100 mg/kg BW), beta-carotene (10 mg/kg BW), and vitamin E plus beta-carotene (100 + 10 mg/kg BW, respectively) were given alone or in combination with fenvalerate. The tested doses were given to rats every other day for 30 days. Results obtained showed that fenvalerate significantly (P < 0.05) induced free radicals in plasma and brain and insignificantly in liver and testes. While, vitamin E, beta-carotene alone and/or in combination decreased the levels of free radicals in plasma, liver, testes, and brain. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (liver), alkaline phosphatase (plasma and liver), aspartate aminotransferase (plasma, liver, and testes) and alanine aminotransferase (plasma and liver) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased due to fenvalerate administration. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in brain and plasma, while plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rats treated with fenvalerate. Also, results showed a significant (P < 0.05) alterations in plasma proteins, hematological parameters, body weight, and relative weights of organs. Sperm concentration and motility (%) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while dead and abnormal sperm increased in rats exposed to fenvalerate. Vitamin E, beta-carotene alone and/or in combination did not cause any changes in the investigated parameters, but improved semen quality and minimized the toxic effect of fenvalerate. The obtained results demonstrated the beneficial influences of vitamin E, beta-carotene alone and/or in combination in reducing the harmful effects of fenvalerate.

[Transfusion strategy in programmed hemorrhagic orthopedic surgery]. / Stratégie transfusionnelle dans la chirurgie orthopédique réglée hémorragique.

OBJECTIVES: Prospectively assess autologous blood transfusion for programmed orthopedic procedures. METHODS: From January 1 to December 31 1993, 307 patients underwent programmed orthopedic procedures: total hip replacement (n = 191), total knee replacement (n = 83) and osteotomy (n = 33). General (94%) or spinal anesthesia (6%) was used. The anesthesist explained transfusion techniques and patients gave informed consent for inclusion in an autologous transfusion protocol including differed autologous transfusion, intentional normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative transfusion of shed blood. RESULTS: A total of 269 autologous transfusion were performed among the 307 patients (87.6%). This was sufficient in 242 cases (78.8%) and in 65 (21.2%) homologous transfusion was required. Among the 269 patients given autologous transfusion, differed transfusion was used in 145 (53.9%), intentional normovolemic hemodilution in 124 (46%) and intraoperative transfusion of shed blood in 222 (82.5%). Among the patients given a differed autologous transfusion, 9 (6.2%) required a homologous transfusion and among the 40 patients in which all 3 techniques were used, only 2 (5%) received homologous blood, both due to secondary complications. CONCLUSION: These findings show that when differed autologous transfusion is included in the transfusion strategy, less than 10% of the patients require homologous blood. In addition, when the 3 autologous transfusion techniques are used, the rate of homologous blood transfusion approaches zero.

[Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with Steinert disease]. / Cholécystectomie par voie laparoscopique chez un sujet atteint d'une maladie de Steinert.

Steinert's disease or myotonic myopathy is associated with chronic restrictive respiratory insufficiency. A case of a patient with Steinert's disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with a full recovery within three days is reported. It is concluded that laparoscopic surgery is a possible therapeutic tool in patients suffering from a myopathy.

Palliative endoscopic treatment of malignant esophageal stenosis using a Häring prosthesis.

The aim of this work was to analyze the outcome of 78 cases of esophageal cancer for which the endoscopic placement of a Häring prosthesis was chosen as a palliative method of treatment. The average length of hospitalization was 10 days and the average survival time was 90.8 days. The postinsertion mortality rate was 6% and there were 44 complications. The best indications are carcinoma of the lower two thirds of the esophagus, neoplastic mediastinitis and esophageal fistulae.